六级与四级的区别：2.词汇题一找词所在句子关系一、词一词汇量5500.转折关系。例如：六级很难，但是·，找转折连词But,Yet,However.二、句一出趣考长句子。并列关系。例如：A and B,问A就把B内容填进去。三、段一所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But,et,However转折连词后面是解释关系。用because和从句in which等联系。重点，常考点。例如：四、选项一有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。30."An identifying figure"(Line 2,Para.5)refers to a personA)who serves as a model for others原文重现：原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。B)who is always successful尽量少读：六级更多的对点出趣，而不是对面出趣。C)who can be depended uponD)who has been rewarded for his success六级题型：(文章前四段省路)1.主旨题(Sum Up/Title)一看文章每段第一句Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole,and he24.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?becomes an identifying figure.We use some people as models over a wide range ofA)Advantages and disadvantages of automation.situations,imitating much that they do.We learn that they are dependable andB)Labour and the effects of automation.rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.注：把握and前后是并列关系。C)Unemployment benefit plans and automation.D)Social benefits of automation.注：文章三段第一句都出现automation,两段出现abour,因此这两个词是重点，必然3.细节题一直接细节、因果推理、暗示在选项中出现。例如：31.It is implied that fifty years agoAutomation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation ofA)eighty percent of American working people were employed in factoriesproductive machinery.It reduces the human factors,mental and physical,in production,B)twenty percent of American intellectuals were employeesand is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers.C)the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same asThe development of automation in American industry has been called the "Secondthat of industrial workersIndustrial Revolution"D)the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that注：refers to下定义of industrial workers34.According to the writer,professional knowledge or skill isLabour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects onA)less important than awareness of being a good employeeemployment,and fears of major changes in jobs.In the main,labour has taken theB)as important as the ability to deal with public relationsview that resistance to technical change is unfruitful.Eventually,the result ofC)more important than employer-employee relationsautomation may well be an increase in employment,since it is expected that vastD)as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organizationindustries will grow up around manufacturing,maintaining,and repairing automationequipment.The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum ofOurs has become a society of employees.A hundred years or so ago only oneinconvenience and distress to the workers involved.Also,union spokesmenout of every five Americans at work was employed,i.e.,worked for somebody else.emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possibleToday only one out of five is not employed but working for himself.And when fiftyby automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages,more leisure,years ago "being employed"meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand,and improved living standards.the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal注：abour雇员education,holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual andtechnical skills.Indeed,two things have characterized American society during theseTo protect the interests of their members in the era of automation,unions havelast fifty years:middle-class and upper -class employees have been theadopted a number of new policies.One of these is the promotion of supplementaryfastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrialunemployment benefit plans.It is emphasized that since the employer involved in suchworker,that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution,has been losing in numericala plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment,he will have a strongimportance despite the expansion of industrial production.drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobsand job assignments.Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements,Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee.You canrequiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on lengthfind a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.of service.Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor",which calls forYou can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field,whether it be the mechanist'swage increases based on increases in productivity.It is possible,however,that labourtrade or bookkeeping ()Every one of these trades requires different skills,setswill rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits ofdifferent standards,and requires a different preparation.Yet they all haveautomation.employeeship in common.And increasingly,especially in the large business or in注：union工会，和雇员有关government,employeeship is more important to success than the specialprofessional knowledge or skill.Certainly more people fail because they do notultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals.And global warming could wipe outknow the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequatelyspecies unable to quickly adapt to changing climates.Clearly,protecting will comepossess the skills of their trade;the higher you climb the ladder,the more you get intoonly through coordinated international efforts to control human population,administrative or executive work,the greater the emphasis on ability to work within thestabilize the composition of the atmosphere,and preserve intact Earth'sorganization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.complex web life4.作者态度题(attitude)一正负态度36.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly凡是文章探讨新事物一正态度controversial凡是文章探讨老事物一负态度issue?例外：中立题A)Because people can't agree as to what species to protect.B)Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species.25.The writer's attitude towards the use of the telephone isC)Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people.A)affectionateD)Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures.B)disapproving注：细节趣。第一段economic interestsC)approving●表示绝对的词一出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点：如果出现在选项中，很可能是D)neutral不对的●例子：例子必出题。文章有论点论据论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而全无：言之，例子本身不重要，但前后论点极其重要。non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude例子开始的标志：for example,后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内-neither...nor容。全有：all-every-fu-either..例子含义的标志：show,tel,prove,demonstrate,find,clearly唯一：only-exactly-best-most[Page72]37.According to the passage,the preservation of rain forestsIn the United States,the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highlyA)may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty.controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the EndangeredB)benefits developed countries rather than developing countriesSpecies Act in 1973.The act,designed to protect species'living areas,andC)should take priority over the control of human population.policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests.In theD)will help improve the living conditions in developing countries.1990's,for example,the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged注：细节趣，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突就legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains.The challenge对了。was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl(猫头鹰，whose remainingpopulation occupies these forests and requires the intact,ancient forest for survival.38.According to the passage,cutting tress to grow more foodThe problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those ofA)will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries.corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs.After months of debate andB)is but a short-term relief to the food problem.legal battles,the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in mid-1992C)can hardly alleviate the shortage of food.注：1.controversiall的意思是受争议的，同sharply political issue°，contro表示“反"D)proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations2.for example前句子是重点注：对应文章第二段。Short--term对应temporarily,relief对应avoid。3.problematic悬而未决的39.Among"humanity's current problems"(Line 6,Para.3),the chief concern of theSimilar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations.Manyscientistspeople in industrialized nations,for example,believe that developing nations intropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas.A)the impoverishment of developing countriesBut the developing countries may be impoverished(使穷困)，with populationsB)the explosion of the human population.C)the reduction of biological diversity.growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoidD)the effect of global warming.worsening poverty and starvation.注：第三段。C选项中eduction对应rob,diversity对应richness注：1.tension张力，冲突2.看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。40.The author's purpose in writing this passage is3.But转折是重点A)to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problemsB)to present the different views on humanity's current problems.Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob theC)to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's currentplanet of its biological richness.The destruction of Earth's ozone layer(臭氧层)，forproblems.example,could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowingD)to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through thecooperation of nations.(B)misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents注：看最后一句话，cooperation of nations对应coordinated international efforts。(C)the dominance of the parents over their children(D)the teenagers'ability to deal with crisesPage80]注：段落主台，B和C只说了一部分。We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety,but stress seems toaffect the immune defenses of lower animals too.In one experiment,for example,It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blamebehavioral immunologist(免疫学家Mark Laudenslger,,at the University of Denver,,them for most of the misunderstandings between them.They have always complained.gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats.Half the animals could switch off the current bymore or less justly,that their parents are out of touch with modern ways;that they areturning a wheel in their enclosure,while the other half could mot.The rats in the twopossessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises;thatgroups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itselfthey talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour,atand its helpless partner from the shock.Laudenslager found that the immuneleast in parent-child relationships.I think it is true that parents often underestimate theirresponse was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that couldteenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.Young peopleturn off the electricity.What he has demonstrated,he believes,is that lack of controloften irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles,in entertainersover an event,not the experience itself,is what weakens the immune system.and music.This is not their motive.They feel cut off from the adult world into which注：1.vulnerable易受伤害的they have not yet been accepted.So they create a culture and society of their own.2.immune defense免疫系统Then,if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or3.found.之后是试验告诉我们的观点hairstyles irritate their parents,this gives them additional enjoyment.They feel they aresuperior.at least in a small way.and that they are leaders in style and taste.4.depress.压抑，de往下Other researchers agree.Jay Weiss,a psychologist at Duke University School ofMedicine.has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't40.The main idea of this passage is that(A)attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilitiesdevelop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats.But(B)better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality ofif the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over,they laterour lifebehave passively when faced with experiences they can control.Such findings(C)the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did manyreinforce psychologists'suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness isyears agoone of the most harmful factors in depression.(D)priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities注：1.看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。2.passive被动的Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of theurban environment.Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every21.Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats whobook about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea.At present,it is generallycould turn off the electricityaccepted,although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of aA)was strengthenedclosely-reasoned scientific proof.The recognition of the importance of greenspaces inB)was not affectedthe urban environment is a first step on the right way,this does not mean,however,C)was alteredthat sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and aboutD)was weakenedthe way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces.As to this rather complex注：定位文章第一段found之后subject I shall,within the scope of this lecture,enter into one aspect only,namely therecreative function of greenspace facilities.22.According to the passage,the experience of helplessness causes rats to注：GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。A)try to control unpleasant stimuliB)turn off the electricityThe theoretical separation of living.working.traffic and recreation which for manyC)become abnormally suspiciousyears has been used in town-and-country planning,has in my opinion resulted inD)behave passively in controllable situationsdisproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home,whereas there was注：定位第二段But之后那句话relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the directneighbourhood of the home.We have come to the conclusion that this is not right.23.The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was thatbecause an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working,isused for activities at and around home.So it is obvious that recreation in the open airA)they disliked its tastehas to begin at the street-door of the house.The urban environment has to offer asB)it affected their immune systemsmany recreation activities as possible,and the design of these has to be such thatC)it led to stomach painsmore obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.D)they associated it with stomachachesThe very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasantwalk in the district,if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets,because the22.The first paragraph is mainly aboutrisks of traffic are too great,if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying(A)the teenagers'criticism of their parentsfor a moment the nice weather,in short,if you only feel yourself at home after thestreet-door of your house is closed after you.mastery,which includes self-esteem ()a sense of control over your life,and low23.The passage mainly deals withlevels of anxiety and depression.Mastery is closely related to the "doing"side of life,to(A)the life span of the Mojave shrimpswork and activity.Pleasure is the other dimensions,and it is composed of happiness,(B)the survival of desert shrimpssatisfaction and optimism ()It is tied more closely to the "feeling"side of life.The(C)the importance of water to lifetwo are independent of each other.A woman could be high in mastery and low in(D)life in the Mojave Desertpleasure,and vice versa.For example,a woman who has a good job,but whose注：三段出现shrimp,说明本文主要讲shrimp,排除C和D,A选项life span没出现过mother has just died,might be feeling very good about herself and in control of herwork life.but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactiveThe concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-beingseeds.There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae ()Infor women,and remedy past mistakes.In the past,women were encouraged to lookaddition,difficult as it is to believe,there are desert fish which can survive throughonly at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being.But we know that bothyears of drought(千早)in the form of inactive eggs.These are the shrimps(小虾)thatmastery and pleasure are critical.And mastery seems to be achieved largely throughlive in the Mojave Desert,an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United Stateswork.In our study.all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher inwhere shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.mastery than did women who were not employed.The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grainsA woman's well-being is enhanced (when she takes on multiple roles.Atof sand.When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake,once every two to five years,least by middle adulthood,the women who were involved in a combination ofthese eggs hatch ()Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimpsroles-marriages,motherhood,and employment were the highest in well-being,despiteabout a millimetre long which feed on timy plant and animal organisms which also growwarnings about stress and strain.in the temporary desert lake.Within a week,the shrimps grow from their original 130.The best tittle for the passage would bemillimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.A)Apple's Efforts so Stay Ahead of IBMThroughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing,the water in the lakeB)Apple's New Computer Technologyequally rapidly evaporates.Therefore,for the shrimps it is a race against time.By theC)Apple's New personal Computerstwelfth day,however,when they are about 3 centimetre long,hundreds of timy eggsD)Apple's Research Activitiesform on the underbodies of the females.Usually by this time,all that remains of thelake is a large,muddy patch of wet soil.On the thirteenth day and the next,during theThe competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race tofinal hours of their brief lives,the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud.Then,havingget the best,most innovative products to the marketplace.Marketers in thisensured that their species will survive,the shrimps die as the last of the waterenvironment frequently have to make a judgement as to their competitors'role whenevaporates.making marketing strategy decisions.If major competitors are changing their productsIf sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake,the eggs hatch,and oncethen a marketer may want to follow suit to remain competitive.Apple Computer,Inc.again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth,adulthood,egg-laying.has introduced two new,faster person computers,the Macintosh ll and Macintosh SEand death.Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake:in this case,the eggsin anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM.one of Apple's majorwill remain dormant for another years,or even longer if necessary.Very,verycompetitorsoccasionally,perhaps twice in a hundred years,sufficient rain falls to form a deep lakeApple's new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlierthat lasts a month or more.In this case,the species passes through two cycles ofmodels.The improved Macintosh is able to run programs that previously weregrowth,egg-laying,and death.Thus,on such occasions,the species multipliesimpossible to run on an Apple PC.including IBM-compatible programs.Thisconsiderably,which further ensures its survival.compatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers'new attitude of givingcustomers the features they want.Malting Apple computers capable of running IBM40.The most appropriate title for the passage would besoftware is Apple's effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers(A)The well-being of Career Womenand thus more popular in the office,where Apple hopes to increase sales,Users of the(B)Sources of Mastery and Pleasurenew Apple can also add accessories to make their machines specialize in specific uses(C)Two Aspects of Women's Well-Beingsuch as engineering and writing.(D)Freedom Roles Women in SocietyThe new computers represent a big improvement over past models,but they注：A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman,扩大了选项also cost much more.Company officials do not think the higher price will slow downbuyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer.Apple wants to stay in theIn our culture,the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery"-feelinghigh price end of the personal computer marker to finance research for even faster,important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-findingmore sophisticated computers.life enjoyable-are not always identical.Women often are told "You can't have it all."Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors,both companies realize thatSometimes what the speaker really is saying is :"You chose a career,so you can'ttheir competitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not.Theexpect to have closer relationships or a happy family life.or "You have a wonderfulApple line has always been popular for its sophisticated color graphics,where-as thehusband and children-What's all this about wanting a career?"But women need toIBM machines have always been favored in offices.In the future,there will probably beunderstand and develop both aspects of well-being,if they are to feel good aboutmore compatibility between the two companies'products,which no doubt will requirethemselvesthat both Apple and IBM change marketing strategies.Our study shows that,for women,well-being has two dimensions.One is25.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A)Computers and the Knowledge Society.folk music-cultures as those in with people learn and sing music by ear rather thanB)Service industries in Modern Society.from print,but research show mutual influence among oral and written sources duringC)Features and Implications of the New Erathe past few centuries in Europe,Britain,and America,printed versions limit varietyD)Rapid Advancement of information Technologybecause they tend to standardize any song,yet they stimulate people to create new注：一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句and different songs.Besides,the ability to read music notation has a far-reachingeffect on musicians and,when it becomes widespread,on the music-culture as a主台题的迷惑选项：末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围whole.One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out theA new era is upon us.Call it what you will:the service economy,the informationinfluence of the electronic media-radio,record player,tape recorder,television,andage,the knowledge society.It all translates to a fundamental change in the way wevideocassette,with the future promising talking and singing computers and otherwork.Already we're partly there.The percentage of people who earn their living bydevelopments.This all part of the "information revolution,"a twentieth centurymaking things has fallen dramatically in the Western World.Today the majority of jobsphenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth.Thesein America,Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries)are inelectronic media are not just limited to modem nations;they have affectedthe service industry,and the number is on the rise.More women are in the work forcemusic-cultures all over the globe.than ever before.There are more part-time jobs.More people are self-employed.Butthe breadth of the economic transformation can't be measured by numbers alone,25.What is the passage mainly about?because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of workA)different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new Englishitself.Long-held notions about jobs and careers,the skills needed to succeed,evendictionaries.the relation between individuals and employers-all these are being challenged.B)A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new EnglishWe have only to look behind to get some sense of what may lie ahead.No onedictionaries.looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a singleC)The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.invention,the chip,would transform our world thanks to its applications in personalD)The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.computers,digital communications and factory robots.Tomorrow's achievements inbiotechnology,artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology couldThree English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing aproduce a similar wave of dramatic changes.But one thing is certain:information and"new"feature.The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on I,000knowledge will become even more vital,and the people who possess it,whether theypeople and places prominent in the news since 1988;the Oxford Advanced Learner'swork in manufacturing or services,will have the advantage and produce the wealth.Dictionary:Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries;the LongmanComputer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read andDictionary of English Language and Culture is the LME plus cultural informationwrite.The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performingThe key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctlyroutine tasks will be valued above all else.If you cast your mind ahead 10 years,"cultural"as well as language learning content.That being said,the way in which theyinformation services will be predominant.It will be the way you do your job.approach the cultural element is not identical,making direct comparisons between thethree difficult.25.Which of the following best summarized the main idea of the passage?While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic and culturalA)Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be replaced byentries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries,there is a clear difference.Oxfordcomputers.lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentratesB)cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.on the language and culture of the English-speaking world.The Oxford dictionary canC)Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheetstherefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publicationD)The development of music culture is highly dependent or its material aspectbecause the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from thecultural perspectives of the English-speaking world.The cultural objectives of the BBCMaterial culture refers to the touchable,material "things"-physical objects thatdictionary are in turn more distinct still.Based on an analysis of over 70 million wordscan be seen,held,felt,used-that a culture produces.Examining a culture's tools andrecorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over atechnology can tell us about the group's history and way of life.Similarly,research intoperiod of four years,their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people andthe material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture.The mostplaces that have featured in the news recently.The intended user they have in mind isvivid body of "things"in it,of course,are musical instruments.We cannot hear fora regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of Englishourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when theand a developed skill in listening comprehension.phonograph was invented,so we rely on instruments for important information aboutIn reality,though,the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range ofmusic-cultures it the remote past and their development.Here we have two kinds oflanguage learners,as will the other two dictionaries.We will be faced with a situationevidence:instruments well preserved and instruments pictures in art.Through thewhere many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinctstudy of instruments,as well preserved Paintings,written documents,and so on,wesocio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed andcan explore the movement of music from the Neat East to China over a thousandeven hostile to those of the West.Advanced learners from this kind of background willyears ago,or we can outline the spread of Near eastern influence to Europe thatnot only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite viewsresults in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.about the scope and appropriateness of the various sociocultural entries.Sheet music or printed music,too,is material culture.Scholars once defined