2019年6月英语六级真题试卷（第三套)Part IWriting(30 minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance ofmotivation and methods in learning.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.Youshould write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Listening Comprehension(30 minutes)特别说明：由于2019年6月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，第三套真题听力试题与第1套或第2套内容一致，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)SectionADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one wordfor each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passagethrough carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Steel is valued for its reliability,but not when it gets cold.Most forms of steel26 becomebrittle at temperatures below about -25C unless they are mixed with other metals.Now,while retaining its strength and toughness-without the need for expensive 28.Steel's fragility at low temperatures first became a major concem during the Second WorldWar.After German U-boats torpedoed(用鱼雷攻击)numerous British ships,a2700-strong fleetof cheap-and-cheerful "Liberty ships"was introduced to replace the lost vessels,providing alifeline for the29 British.But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy northAtlantic,and 12 broke in half and sank.Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions,such as oilrigs in the Arctic.So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metalssuch as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 Rather than adding othermetals,they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severemechanical deformation,known as tempformingThe resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is33to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and,therefore,very expensive.Kimura's team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts,such asbolts.They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction job and their weight-by replacing solid supports with35 tubes,for example.This could reduce the amount ofsteel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.A)abruptly1)crackedB)additivesJ)fracturesC)approachK)hollowD)ardentlyL)relevantE)besiegedM)reshuffledF)channelN)strivedG)comparableO)violentH)componentsSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from whichthe information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph ismarked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2.The future of personal satellite technology is here-are we ready for it?[A]Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich govemments and wealthycorporations.But increasingly,as space becomes more democratized,they are coming withinreach of ordinary people.Just like drones (before them,miniature satellites are beginningto fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.[B]As a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights,these satellites holdtremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before.However,as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply,the risks of irresponsibleuse grow.The question here is no longer "Can we?"but "Should we?"What are the potentialdownsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people nottraditionally labeled as "professionals"?And what would the responsible and beneficialdevelopment and use of this technology actually look like?Some of the answers may come from anonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 years.[C]Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out ofscience fiction.But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fitsthe bill:CubeSats.The "Cube"here simply refers to the satellite's shape.The most commonCubeSat is a 10cm cube,so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweighton your desk.These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicle's formerly "wasted space."Multiplescan be deployed in combination for more complex missions than could be achieved by oneCubeSat alone.[D]Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors andcommunications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space,as well asspace around Earth.They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit(LEO)-an easily accessibleregion of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth,where human-tended missions like theHubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS)hang out.But they can attain-2-more distant orbits;NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads(to the moon andMars especially)to carry CubeSats.[E]Because they're so small and light,it costs much less to get a CubeSat into Earth's orbitthan a traditional communications or GPS satellite.For instance,a research group here at ArizonaState University recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as little as$3,000 to put in orbit.This decrease in cost allows researchers,hobbyists and even elementaryschool groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS[F]The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s,as a way of enabling Stanford graduatestudents to design,build,test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR'sSputnik(前苏联的人造卫星)，Since then,NASA,the National Reconnaissance Office and evenBoeing have all launched and operated CubeSats.There arc more than 130 currently in operation.The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program,which offers free launches foreducational groups and science missions,is now open to U.S.nonprofit corporations as well.Clearly,satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore.[G]The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats'importance in scientificdiscovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers.Yet it also acknowledges thatwidespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee.The greatest concem the authors raise isspace debris-pieces of "junk"that orbit the earth,with the potential to cause serious damage ifthey collide with operational units,including the ISS.[H]Currently,there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked closely.Yet as LEO opens upto more amateur satellites,they may pose an increasing threat.As the report authors point out,even near-misses might lead to the "creation of a burdensome regulatory framework and affect thefuture disposition of science CubeSats."[I]CubeSat researchers suggest that nows the time to ponder unexpected and unintendedpossible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space.Inan era when you can simply buy a CubeSat kit off the shelf,how can we trust the satellites overour heads were developed with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing?Some"expert amateurs"in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceedresponsibly.[J]In 1969,the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation(AMSAT)was created in order to fosterham radio enthusiasts'(业余无线电爱好者)participation in space research and communication.tcontinued the efforts,begun in 1961,by Project OSCAR-a U.S.-based group that built andlaunched the very first nongovemmental satellite just four years after Sputnik.As an organizationof volunteers,AMSAT was putting "amateur"satellites in orbit decades before the currentCubeSat craze.And over time,its members have leamed a thing or two about responsibility.Here,open.source development has been a central principle,Within the organization,AMSAT has aphilosophy of open sourcing everything making technical data on all aspects of their satellitesfully available to everyone in the organization,and when possible,the public.According to amember of the team responsible for FOX 1-A,AMSATs first CubeSat,this means that there s noway to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite wheneveryone has access to the designs and implementation.[K]However,they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers,as theorganization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of theirsatellites.This form of "self-governance"is possible within long-standing amateur organizationsthat,over time,are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members,as well associety in general.But what happens when new players emerge,who don't have deep roots withinthe existing culture？[L]Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of along-standing amateur establishment.They're still constrained by funders,launch providers and aseries of regulations-all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do.But there'sa danger they're ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences.What theseunintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear.Yet we know innovators can beremarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions.Think of something asseemingly benign as the cellphone-we have microfinance and text-based social networking at oneend of the spectrum,.and improvised(临时制作的)explosive devices at the other..[M]This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important-notsimply to ensure that physical risks are minimized,but to engage with a much larger communityin anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology.This is not an easy task.Yet the 'evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests thatresponsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies.The challengehere,of course,is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible,actuallyis.Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyondgovemment agencies and scientific communities to include students,hobbyists,and anyone whomay potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology36.Given the easier accessibility to space,it is time to think about how to prevent misuse ofsatellites.37.A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks.38.The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks of their irresponsible use.39.Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launchingcost.40.AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of theirsatellites.41.NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.42.Even with constraints,it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSattechnology in directions that result in harmful outcomes.43.While making significant contributions to space science,CubeSats may pose hazards toother space vehicles.44.Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45.AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessible to itsmembers,preventing the abuse of amateur satellites.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or4-unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),Cand D).Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitaryself-employment,there was one thing I was looking forward to the most:the opportunity to havework friends once again.It wasn't until I entered the corporate world that I realized,for me at least,being friends with colleagues didn't emerge as a priority at all.This is surprising when youconsider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance ofcultivating close interpersonal relationships at work.So much research has explored the way inwhich collegial (ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affectingproductivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict,jealousy,undermining,anger,and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches,water-cooler gossip and caring deep-and-meaningfulconversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment.Whereas now,as I near the end of my fourth decade,I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfillingwithout needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Joumal of Management,researchers have looked at the concept of "indifferent relationships".It's a simple term thatencapsulates the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate,inconsequential,unimportant and even,dare I say it,disposable or substitutable.Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative.The limited research conductedthus far indicates they're especially dominant among those who value independence overcooperation,and harmony over confrontation.Indifference is also the preferred option amongthose who are socially lazy.Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort.For some ofus,too much effort.As noted above,indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach inresolving some of the issues that pop up at work.But there are nonetheless several empiricallyproven benefits.One of those is efficiency.Less time chatting and socializing means more timeworking and chuming(产出).The other is self-esteem.As human beings,we're primed to compare ourselves to each otherin what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon.Apparently,we look down on acquaintances more sothan friends.Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferentrelationships,their predominance can bolster individuals'sense of self-worth.Ego aside,a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships hasbeen found to enhance critical evaluation,to strengthen one's focus on task resolution,and to gaingreater access to valuable information.None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but,hey,I'll take it anyway.-5-