2018年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第3套）Part IWriting(30 minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on how to balance work and leisure.You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part IIListening Comprehension(30 minutes)说明：由于2018年12月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)SectionADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a listof choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.In what's probably the craziest headline I've ever written,I've reported that 26 in livestock protection arehappening with scientists painting eyes on the butts of cows.The experiment is based upon the idea that farmers who'reprotecting their herd from lions would shoot and kill lions in an effort to protect their livestock.While this makes a lot ofsense,it results in many lion deaths that 27 would have been unnecessary.Researchers in Australia have been 28 andtesting a method of trickery to make lions think they are being watched by the painted eyes on cow butts.This idea is based on the principle that lions and other 29 are far less likely to attack when they feel they are beingwatched.As conservation areas become smaller,lions are increasingly coming into contact with human populations,whichare expanding to the 30 of these protected areas.Efforts like painting eyes on cow butts may seem crazy at first,but they could make actual headway in the fight forconservation."If the method works,it could provide farmers in Botswana-and 31 -with a low-cost,sustainable toolto protect their livestock,and a way to keep lions safe from being killed."Lions are 32 ambush()hunters,so when they feel their prey has 33 them,they usually give up on the hunt.Researchers are 34 testing their idea on a select herd of cattle.They have painted half of the cows with eyes and left theother half as nommal.Through satellite tracking of both the herd and the lions in the area,they will be able to 35 if theirpsychological trickery will work to help keep farmers from shooting lions.A)advancesI)otherwiseJ)predatorsC)challengingK)primarilyD)currentlyL)retortedE)determineM)spottedF)devisingN)testimoniesG)elsewhereO)wrestleH)neverthelessSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement containsinformation given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose aparagraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 2.Resilience Is About How You Recharge,Not How You Endure[A]As constant travelers and parents of a 2-year-old,we sometimes fantasize about how much work we can do whenone of us gets on a plane,undistracted by phones,friends,or movies.We race to get all our ground work done:packing,going through security,doing a last-minute work call,calling each other,then boarding the plane.Then,when we try to havethat amazing work session in flight,we get nothing done.Even worse,after refreshing our email or reading the same studiesover and over,we are too exhausted when we land to soldier on with (the emails that have inevitably still piledup.[B]Why should flying deplete us?We're just sitting there doing nothing Why can't we be tougher,more resilientand determined in our work so we can accomplish all of the goals we set for ourselves?Based on our currentresearch,we have come to realize that the problem is not our hectic schedule or the plane travel itself;the problem comesfrom a misconception of what it means to be resilient,and the resulting impact of overworking.[C]We often take a militaristic,"tough"approach to resilience and determination like a Marine pulling himself throughthe mud,a boxer going one more round,or a football player picking himself up off the ground for one more play.Webelieve that the longer we tough it out,the tougher we are,and therefore the more successful we will be.However,thisentire conception is scientifically inaccurate.[D]The very lack of a recovery period is dramatically holding back our collective ability to be resilient and successful.Research has found that there is a direct correlation between lack of recovery and increased incidence of health and safetyproblems.And lack of recovery-whether by disrupting sleep with thoughts of work or having continuous cognitive arousalby watching our phones-is costing our companies $62 billion a year in lost productivity.[E]And just because work stops,it doesn't mean we are recovering.We"stop"work sometimes at 5 pm,but then wespend the night wrestling with solutions to work problems,talking about our work over dinner,and falling asleep thinkingabout how much work we'll do tomorrow.In a study just released,researchers from Norway found that 7.8%of Norwegianshave become workaholics(工作狂).The scientists cite a definition of“workaholism”as“being overly concemed aboutwork,driven by an uncontrollable work motivation,and investing so much time and effort in work that it impairs otherimportant life areas."[F]We believe that the number of people who fit that definition includes the majority of American workers,whichprompted us to begin a study of workaholism in the U.S..Our study will use a large corporate dataset from a major medicalcompany to examine how technology extends our working hours and thus interferes with necessary cognitive recovery,resulting in huge health care costs and tumover costs for employers.[G]The misconception of resilience is often bred from an early age.Parents trying to teach their children resiliencemight celebrate a high school student staying up until 3 am to finish a science fair project.What a distortion of resilience!Aresilient child is a well-rested one.When an exhausted student goes to school,he risks hurting everyone on the road with hisimpaired driving;he doesn't have the cognitive resources to do well on his English test;he has lower self-control with hisfriends,and at home,he is moody with his parents.Overwork and exhaustion are the opposite of resilience and the badhabits we acquire when we're young only magnify when we hit the workforce.[H]As Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz have written,if you have too much time in the performance zone,you need moretime in the recovery zone,otherwise you risk burnout.Gathering your resources to"try hard"requires buming energy inorder to overcome your currently low arousal level.It also worsens exhaustion.Thus the more imbalanced we become dueto overworking,the more value there is in activities that allow us to retum to a state of balance.The value of a recoveryperiod rises in proportion to the amount of work required of us.[I]So how do we recover and build resilience?Most people assume that if you stop doing a task like answering emailsor writing a paper,your brain will naturally recover,so that when you start again later in the day or the next morning,you'llhave your energy back.But surely everyone reading this has had times when you lie in bed for hours,unable to fall asleepbecause your brain is thinking about work.If you lie in bed for eight hours,you may have rested,but you can still feelexhausted the next day.That's because rest and recovery are not the same thing.[If you're trying to build resilience at work,you need adequate internal and external recovery periods.As researchersZijlstra,Cropley and Rydstedt write in their 2014 paper."Intemal recovery refers to the shorter periods of relaxation thattake place within the frames of the work day or the work setting in the form of short scheduled or unscheduled breaks,byshifting attention or changing to other work tasks when the mental or physical resources required for the initial task aretemporarily depleted or exhausted.Extemal recovery refers to actions that take place outside of work-e.g.in the free timebetween the work days,and during weekends,holidays or vacations."If after work you lie around on your bed and getirritated by political commentary on your phone or get stressed thinking about decisions about how to renovate your home,your brain has not received a break from high mental arousal states.Our brains need a rest as much as our bodies do.[K]If you really want to build resilience,you can start by strategically stopping Give yourself the resources to betough by creating intemal and external recovery periods.Amy Blankson describes how to strategically stop during the dayby using technology to control overworking.She suggests downloading the Instant or Moment apps to see how many timesyou turn on your phone each day.You can also use apps like Offtime or Unplugged to create tech free zones by strategicallyscheduling automatic airplane modes.The average person tums on their phone 150 times every day.If every distractiontook only 1 minute,that would account for 2.5 hours a day.[LIIn addition,you can take a cognitive break every 90 minutes to charge your batteries.Try to not have lunch at yourdesk,but instead spend time outside or with your friends-not talking about work.Take all of your paid time off,which notonly gives you recovery periods,but raises your productivity and likelihood of promotion.[M]As for us,we've started using our plane time as a work-free zone,and thus time to dip into the recovery phase.The results have been fantastic.We are usually tired already by the time we get on a plane,and the crowded space andunstable internet connection make work more challenging.Now,instead of swimming upstream,we relax,sleep,watchmovies,or listen to music.And when we get offthe plane,instead of being depleted,we feel recovered and ready to retumto the performance zone.36.It has been found that inadequate recovery often leads to poor health and accidents.37.Mental relaxation is much needed,just as physical relaxation is.38.Adequate rest not only helps one recover,but also increases one's work efficiency.39.The author always has a hectic time before taking a flight.40.Recovery may not take place even if one seems to have stopped working.41.It is advised that technology be used to prevent people from overworking.42.Contrary to popular belief,rest does not equal recovery.43.The author has come to see that his problem results from a misunderstanding of the meaning of resilience.44.People's distorted view about resilience may have developed from their upbringing.45.People tend to think the more determined they are,the greater their success will be.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some question or unfinished statements.Foreach of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Children with attention problems in early childhood were 40%less likely to graduate from high school,says a newstudy from Duke University.The study included 386 kindergarteners from schools in the Fast Track Project,a multi-site clinical trial in the U.S.thatin 1991 began tracking how children developed across their lives.-3-With this study,researchers examined early academic attention and socio-emotional skills and how each contributed toacademic success into young adulthood.They found that early attention skills were the most consistent predictor of academic success,and that likability bypeers also had a modest effect on academic performance.By fifth grade,children with early attention difficulties had lower grades and reading achievement scores than theirpeers.As fifth-graders,children with early attention problems obtained average reading scores at least 3%lower than theircontemporaries'and grades at least 8%lower than those of their peers.This was after controlling for IQ,socio-economicstatus and academic skills at school entry.Although these may not seem like large effects,the impact of early attention problems continued throughout thechildren's academic careers.Lower reading achievement scores and grades in fifth grade contributed to reduced grades inmiddle school and thereby contributed to a 40%lower high school graduation rate."The children we identified as having attention difficulties were not diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder(注意力缺乏多动症)(ADHD),although some may have had the disorder.Our findings suggest that even moremodest attention dean of Duke's Trinity College of Arts Sciences,whose research has focused on ADHD andinterventions to improve academic performance in children with attention difficulties.Social acceptance by peers in early childhood also predicted grades in fifth grade.Children not as liked by theirfirst-grade peers had slightly lower grades in fifth grade,while those with higher social acceptance had higher grades."This study shows the importance of so-called 'non-cognitive'or soft skills in contributing to children's positive peerrelationships,which,in turn,contribute to their academic success,"said Kenneth Dodge,director of the Duke Center forChild and Family Policy.The results highlight the need to develop effective early interventions to help those with attention problems stay ontrack academically and for educators to encourage positive peer relationships,the researchers said."We're learning that student success requires a more comprehensive approach,one that incorporates not only academicskills but also social,self-regulatory and attention skills,"Dodge said."If we neglect any of these areas,the child'sdevelopment lags.If we attend to these areas,a child's success may reinforce itself with positive feedback loops."46.What is the focus of the new study from Duke University?A)The contributors to children's early attention.B)The predictors of children's academic success.C)The factors that affect children's emotional well-being.D)The determinants of children's development of social skills.47.How did the researchers ensure that their findings are valid?A)By attaching equal importance to all possible variables examined.B)By collecting as many typical samples as were necessary.C)By preventing them from being affected by factors not under study.D)By focusing on the family background of the children being studied.48.What do we learn from the findings of the Duke study?A)Modest students are generally more attentive than their contemporaries.B)There are more children with attention difficulties than previously thought.C)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder accounts for most academic failures.D)Children's academic performance may suffer from even slight inattention.49.What does the Duke study find about children better accepted by peers?A)They do better academically.B)They are easy to get on with.C)They are teachers'favorites.D)They care less about grades.50.What can we conclude from the Duke study?A)Children's success is related to their learning environment.B)School curriculum should cover a greater variety of subjects.C)Social skills are playing a key role in children's development.D)An all-round approach should be adopted in school education.-4-Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passageOn Jan.9,2007,Steve Jobs formally announced Apple's "revolutionary mobile phone"-a device that combined thefunctionality of an iPod,phone and Internet communication into a single unit,navigated by touch.It was a huge milestone in the development of smartphones,which are now owned by a majority of American adultsand are increasingly common across the globe.As smartphones have multiplied,so have questions about their impact on how we live and how we work.Often theadvantages of convenient,mobile technology are both obvious and taken for granted,leaving more subtle topics forconcerned discussion:Are smartphones disturbing children's sleep?Is an inability to get away from work having a negativeimpact on health?And what are the implications for privacy?But today,on the 10th anniversary of the iPhone,let's take a moment to consider a less obvious advantage:thepotential for smartphone technology to revolutionize behavioral science.That's because,for the first time in human history,a large proportion of the species is in continuous contact with technology that can record key features of an individual'sbehavior and environment.Researchers have already begun to use smartphones in social scientific research,either to query people regularly asthey engage in their normal lives or to record activity using the device's built-in sensors.These studies are confirming,challenging and extending what's been found using more traditional approaches,in which people report how they behavedin real life or participate in relatively short and artificial laboratory-based tasks.Such studies are just first steps.As more data are collected and methods for analysis improve,researchers will be in abetter position to identify how different experiences,behaviors and environments relate to each other and evolve over time,with the potential to improve people's productivity and wellbeing in a variety of domains.Beyond revealingpopulation-wide patterns,the right combination of data and analysis can also help individuals identify unique characteristicsof their own behavior,including conditions that could indicate the need for some form of intervention-such as an unusualincrease in behaviors that signal a period of depression.Smartphone-based data collection comes at an appropriate time in the evolution of psychological science.Today,thefield is in transition,moving away from a focus on laboratory studies with undergraduate participants towards morecomplex,real-world situations studied with more diverse groups of people.Smartphones offer new tools for achieving theseambitions,providing rich data about everyday behaviors in a variety of contexts.So here's another way in which smartphones might transform the way we live and work:by offering insights intohuman psychology and behavior and,thus,supporting smarter social science.51.What does the author say about the negative impact of smartphones?A)It has been overshadowed by the positive impact.B)It has more often than not been taken for granted.C)It is not so obvious but has caused some concern.D)It is subtle but should by no means be overstated.52.What is considered a less obvious advantage of smartphone technology?A)It systematically records real human interactions.B)It helps people benefit from technological advances.C)It brings people into closer contact with each other.D)It greatly improves research on human behavior.53.What characterizes traditional psychological research?A)It is based on huge amounts of carefully collected data.B)It relies on lab observations and participants'reports.C)It makes use of the questionnaire method.D)It is often expensive and time-consuming54.How will future psychological studies benefit individuals?A)By helping them pin down their unusual behaviors.-5-